As an emergency veterinarian, I wish I could be standing by the side of every pet lover when the worst happens. Since that’s not possible, I’ve included in this article my quick answers to the most commonly asked questions and concerns about pet medical emergencies. Knowing what to do if and when the time comes can help you save the life of your beloved animal companion.
What should I do if my pet has a bleeding wound?
Most bleeding can be controlled with direct pressure and a cold compress, if available. Try to calm your pet to stop any movement. Tourniquets on limbs should be avoided unless absolutely needed. The pressure from a tourniquet may cause tissue and/or nerve injury. If a tourniquet is used, apply the least amount of pressure needed to stop the bleeding and seek immediate medical attention.
What should I do if my dog is choking?
The saying “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure” is particularly fitting when it comes to choking. Once your dog has an airway obstruction it can be very difficult and dangerous to try and clear it. Prevention starts with avoiding common obstruction hazards. Purchase toys that are an appropriate size for your pet that do not easily break apart. Monitor your dog during play and remove toys at the first sign of damage. I recommend avoiding all rawhides, bones, and bully sticks. My favorite dog toy is the classic Kong®.
If your dog is choking, a modified Heimlich maneuver can be performed to try to dislodge the obstruction. I highly recommend taking a canine first aid course to learn and practice the proper and safe technique. Here are the basics:
For small dogs, place one hand on the back to help steady him/her and the other under the body, just behind the center of the rib cage. Press in and up four to five times in a thrusting motion.
For large dogs, place both hands beneath the rib cage and thrust upward four or five times.
How can I be prepared before I have a pet emergency?
Know the location and route to your closest emergency hospital. Time is of the essence in some emergencies, and knowing how to get there can make the difference between life and death. Add the information to your phone and if possible call while in transit to allow the emergency team to make any necessary preparations before your arrival.
Put together a basic first aid kit for your pet (see below).
Consider taking a Pet First Aid and CPR course. The East Bay Regional Park District is one agency that offers such a course.
Useful items to keep in an emergency kit
Here are some basics to start with. Many websites provide complete information on creating a first-aid kit and you can even buy a readymade one online.
Muzzle. Even the friendliest dog may bite when scared or in pain. It is helpful to get your dog used to placement of the muzzle before you need it. Having a muzzle on your dog can expedite emergency care.
Gauze and bandaging material. These items are useful to help control bleeding and protect wounds. When applying bandages, make sure they are not too tight, as this can compromise blood flow. I recommend bandages you apply yourself be used for short-term use only.
Dog boots. Pad and paw injuries are among the most common wounds we see. Placing gauze on the foot and covering with a boot is an easy way to keep wounds clean and minimize bleeding while you seek professional care.
Hydrogen Peroxide (dogs only). Should be kept on hand in case you need to make your dog vomit. One to two tablespoons given by mouth up to two times may be recommended. I suggest only using this technique when directed by a veterinarian since some toxins can be dangerous to people (e.g. Gopher Bait) or harmful to your pet (e.g. Drain Cleaner) when they vomit.
Are there any medications I can give my pet at home if they are in pain?
I do not recommend giving any medications you have at home to your pet without discussing it with your veterinarian first. Medications that are relatively safe for people can be very toxic to your pet. For example, Tylenol (acetaminophen) is extremely toxic to cats at any dose.
What should I do if my pet ingests a possible toxin?
Due to the wide variety of toxins your pet may ingest, any information you are able to collect about the substance is very helpful. If applicable, save any packaging and note the time window for exposure. Try to estimate how much was ingested and report any medications your pet is taking to the veterinarian.
I recommend you consult the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center (888-426-4435). This non-profit organization is not subsidized and therefore must charge a fee (currently $65) for their service. In my opinion, this is money well spent as they have toxicologists on staff with access to an extensive database of toxins. They will provide a case number and allow free follow-up calls by you or your veterinarian. The Center’s website includes lists of toxic and non-toxic plants.
What should I do if my dog has been bitten by a rattlesnake?
Just about everything you have heard or seen in the movies is probably not helpful and more likely to be detrimental to a successful outcome. In particular, do not apply a tourniquet or try to “extract” the venom. My best advice is to stop any activity and seek immediate care at a facility that has antivenin and can provide 24-hour care. The sooner your pet receives care the better. Your pet will likely be in pain after the bite, so take precautions to avoid being bitten.
Dr. Mike Barlia has practiced as an emergency veterinarian for the past 12 years and is the hospital director for PETS Referral Center in Berkeley. He and his wife Kara (also an emergency veterinarian) live in Oakland with their dogs Zinnia and Joey, along with their small herd of cats.
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